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Related Books Free with a 30 day trial from Scribd. Dry: A Memoir Augusten Burroughs. Related Audiobooks Free with a 30 day trial from Scribd. Empath Up! Nimerpreet Kaur Baidwan. Vishavjeet Bhumbak. Gurdeep Singh. Libin John. Jatin Bhardwaj. Reena Patel. Anurag Rawal. Olesya O. Show More. Views Total views. Actions Shares. No notes for slide. Example: Valium was launched as a new miracle pill. Complete the summary below by using words taken from Reading Passage 2.
Write your answers in boxes n your Answer Sheet. Doctors found that Valium was In addition to this, one of the most worrying concems about Valium use was that it was extremely 24 for users: to give up the drug because it had a long half-life.
Doctors are now aware that patients who take Valium merely receive a short-lived feeling of 25 Therefore, guidelines have been developed to make sure that it is used only when it is However, such debates are often emotive rather than informative. One can be forgiven, for example, for believing that the Greenhouse Bffect is some- thing we should be trying to eradicate!
Short-wave radiation, in the form of visible ultra-violet UV light from the Sun, penetrates Earth's atmosphere to warm the surface of the planet. Because all matter is warmer than space, it radiates heat, and part of the sun's energy is re-radiated out by the Earth's surface. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap some of this infrared radiation causing the Earth's surface and lower atmospheric layers to warm up to a higher temperature than would otherwise be the case.
Our atmosphere allows the balance to be achieved because the trace gases trap and absorb heat, Infrared radiation is emitted from the Earth's surface. This and uses it to produce leads to the Earth's surface warmth. The Earth's atmosphere reflects some of the radiation. The amount or type of cloud cover, for instance, can alter the amount of energy being exchanged.
Cumulus clouds do the opposite where the proportion of energy retained is larger than that reflected. Not only has there been an increase in carbon dioxide identified. Other greenhouse base gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons have all increased.
It is thought that the latter of these minor greenhouse gases may have a stronger impact on global warming than carbon dioxide levels.
Carbon in the fuel we burn is oxidised and released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Even a layman can see how the Greenhouse Effect has earned its bad reputation. Scientists don't always agree on their predictions. Whilst they agree that an increase in greenhouse gases will cause the Earth's temperature to rise, they disagree on what may happen next.
Some believe that the subsequent increase in water vapour may help to reduce the temperature. Others believe it will increase the temperature. The globe is warming up.
New weather patterns and extremes are anticipated. Scientists do not know if the increase in average global temperature is just a eycle because of the absence of long-term meteorological data.
Comparing climate epochs is complex because so many atmospheric and surface features of land and ocean are different. All of the elements that make up climate are continually changing and dynamically interacting, Knowing therefore, that the Earth cooled during past ice ages and warmed during interglacial periods, has limited worth in predictions for our future.
Moreover, records of past climatic epochs are not as reliable or detailed as those records developed in recent decades. Used on super-computers, the system still cannot represent all countries and has to rely on spatial representation of the earth. The computers are much more accurate in showing these broader climatic conditions and predicting global effects than more localized phenomena. Others argue that nature will save itself from our apparent inability or disinterest in protecting the planet and that adaptation will, once again, be the key to survival.
As these debates continue and governments refuse to act, it is becoming more likely that we will be able to see for ourselves whether or not the dire predictions of global warming are overstated as early as the middle of this century. Complete the sentences below with words taken from the passage. You may use any cause more than once. Write your answers in boxes 36 40 on your Answer Sheet. The bar chart below illustrates the use of tobacco products by secondary school students in the United States.
Write a report describing the information shown. My name's And your name is? Can I see your passport please? What do you like about living in Do you work or are you a stucient? What do you like to do in your spare time? You can make some notes to help you ifyou wish, Allright? Describe the main forms of transport in your hometown. You should say: what the different forms of transport are how often you use them which types of transport are most popular and consider whether or not the transportation systems are satisfactory.
You give your talk and after 1 or 2 minutes the examiner will ask you a question ot two. What is the traffic like in your hometown? What are the benefits of travelling by public transport?
In your opinion, in what ways can governments encourage people to use public transport? What are some of the other causes of pollution?
How are environmentally-friendly practices encouraged in your country? In what ways can this be done? That's the end of the speaking test. He studied until late the previous night. A Heneedsto earn some money. She's going to visit her family. Ci [a Listen to the directions and identify the place names of Questions 3 - 5 on the campus map below. Choose your answers from the list of placenames in the box, NOTE: there are more place names listed than you will need.
B give away some tickets to the Brisbane Festival. Australian and international destinations. B over days. It is believed that the problem of computer security has changed over a period of time as businesses, through an increased use of information technology IT , have become more and more dependent on information and the associated information systems IS , However, atthe same time, there has been limited change in the implemented security or safeguards to these information systems, In fact many executives or managers fail to even identify the relevant requirement for security or policies.
The Intemet has been roughly doubling in size every year, and the associated securit running in parity. One of the problems with Internet security is the fact that the incidents are increasing in sophistication. One of the reasons for this has been the increasing availability of toolkits. The thing to remember with security is that the system administrators must get it right all the time; the intruder must get it right just once.
Evidence of this is easy to find. In , a teenager hacked into a Bell Atlantic network. His hacking erashed the computer and resulted in homes, a regional airport and emergency services being without telephone communications for six hours.
And what was the punishment for this offence? And the government has been swift to act. In late , the US Patriot Act was introduced. This Act increased the maximum sentence for breaking into a computer from five to ten years. Now if a cyber crime results in the death of an individual, the offender could face « life sentence. There has been additional fall-out from the September 11 attacks with the FBI and other government security agencies dramatically escalating their monitoring of the Internet.
On the other hand, the events of September 11 have led to some ex-hackers using their extensive knowledge and experience to join forces with security forces to aid the fight against terrorism. However, even with the inereased threats of punishment, computer viruses and incidents of hacking continue to be widespread.
Long-time security measures which have been utilised by companies and individuals are not fail-safe. They can provide a false sense of security and have limited protection from intemal attackers. In short, the corporate world needs to realise that computer security will be an on-going problem and expense. CEESey Complete the table below with information found in the text. Write your answers in boxes 1—3on your Answer Shest. Write your answers in boxes 4—9on your Answer Sheet.
NOTE: there are more headings than sections so you will not use all of them. You may use any of the headings more than once. Solving the Morris worm was difficult because the repair method was sent. One disadvantage of is that they can make a company feel protected from attack even though the system is not perfect.
The benefit of receiving enough sleep is essential to our inner well-being. Not enough sleep, however, means that we lack the opportunity to restore ourselves physiologically, emotionally and cognitively, It affects our mood and can result in behaviour and performance problems. When we sleep, our bodies rest but our brains are active.
Sleep lays the groundwork for a productive day ahead. Although most people benefit the most from eight hours of sleep each night, this is not always what they manage to achieve. Men get slightly less sleep than women during the week 6. According to current scientific thought, the human body is pre-programmed for sleep.
At nightfall, cells in the retina a light sensitive membrane connected to the eye by the optic nerve send a sleep signal to a cluster of nerve cells in the brain. The SCN is also known as the circadian clock. For instance, the pineal gland, also located in the hypothalamus, produces a substance called melatonin, which lowers body temperature, and causes drowsiness.
Agreat deal of the information we now know about sleep and the physiological changes it causes in the brain can be traced back to the invention of the electroencephalogram in the s. This machine allowed scientists to record the feeble electric currents generated on the brain without opening the skull and to depict them graphically onto a strip of paper.
Brain-wave function could be examined and scientists could thereby observe sleep from moment to moment. In the s it became possible for scientists to make assumptions about the role that correct breathing plays during sleep with the development of the technology to measure respiration. It was here that science really began to understand the nature of sleep and the role it plays in people's lives.
As well as uncovering the physiological changes occurring during sleep, The New England Journal of Medicine reported that sleep concems were a public health threat as serious as smoking and in the years since, medical researchers have linked sleep disorders with many life-threatening diseases. Even though more than 70 million Americans have a sleeping problem, most cases go undiagnosed and untreated, 50 the true economic and sociological damage caused by these disorders is unknown although, the economic Cost is conservatively estimated to be billions of dollars a year in health care costs and lost productivity.
Scientific studies have found that children who are identified as snorers or those who have poor sleeping pattems at around the age of four or five, scored lower than average in Intelligence Quotient 1G tests, not only during the sleep deprivation period but subsequent to that.
There are also suggestions that ongoing sleep deprivation in adults can cause permanent damage. Teenagers can have peculiar sleep requirements. It has always been known that adolescents spend mare time sleeping than adults, but science has only recently isolated the reasons for this. Research Now shows that growth hormones are secreted during slow-wave sleep and teenagers do indeed, need more of this kind of sleep than at any other stage in their lives.
Chronic lack of sleep among teenagers means that as a group they are more likely to use stimulants and experience negative mood swings. Statistics also indicate that young drivers are responsible for more than one-half of fall-asleep crashes. However, itis not just young people who pay the price for lack of proper sleep.
Extensive scientific research indicates that chronic tiredness has been the cause of environmental disasters, nuclear mishaps and several well- documented near misses in the air. Scientists are beginning to argue that the lengthening of the working day is harming workers, their families and society.
In the long run, productivity will suffer. Legislation is being drafted to limit work hours, thus forcing companies to become instrumental in changing work cultures to ensure employees are getting enough rest and leisure time in order to avoid chronic tiredness and its devastating consequences. Choose the correct letter from A —D and write it in boxes 14 16 on your Answer Sheet. B is arocent trend. Chas been advanced with technological developments. Write your answers in boxes 0n your Answer Sheet.
Write your answers in boxes 20 - 27 on your Answer Sheet. NOTE: there are more statements than paragraphs so you will not use them all. Current medical research maintains that sleep is critical to early development. Efforts are being made to decrease the incidence of work-related accidents and disasters. Lack of the right kind of sleep can affect behaviour. Physiological changes occur to create sleep. Sleep has an important function in our daily lives. Salinisation the accumulation of salts in soil is one of today's worst environmental disasters and yet it does not share the global spotlight with other ecological issues.
Considering the threat that salinisation poses to nearly alll irrigated drylands and the consequential impact on traditional agriculture, such lagging public awareness is, at the very least, disconcerting.
Reports indicate that between 2. Countries like Australia are beginning to see the devastation of increasing salinity levels after a relatively short period of introduced European farming methods. Salts such as sodium chloride and calcium sulphates, occur naturally in many soils and waterways. When the concentration of salt levels salinity in soil becomes too high, plant growth is adversely affected and the soil structure can be damagot Nature dealt reasonably successfully with salinity levels in Australia prior to European settlement.
Natural vegetation, including perennial grasses and deep-rooted trees, ensured that salts were dissolved as rainwater slowly filtered down through the soil. Salt was moved downward and remained in the groundwater below the root zone of the plants. The fibrous root structure of those native plants, acted as an effective filter with their high water-holding capacity.
Some rainwater was held by the roots and some rainwater leached downwards through the soil carrying the dissolved salts. Groundwater transpired back into the air through the foliage of the native plants, As Europeans introduced traditional forms of agriculture and cleared large areas of land for grazing in the s, much of the native vegetation in Australia was replaced by generally shallow-rooted annual crops and pastures, substantially changing the natural process that had been working well.
With the introduction of these crops, more rainwater and irrigated water makes its way downwards through the soil to below the root-zone. The water still carries the dissolved salts downwards past the root-zone but the amount and level of groundwater is increased. In addition, because the roots of these crops do not hold as much water, the water is drawn back up from the groundwater later, as the plant needs moisture. This causes the water table to rise bringing dissolved salts with it that eventually reach the surface of the soil.
Water is then evaporated from the surface leaving high concentrations of salts behind. If you do so, we will track you through your IP. Alternatively, you can contact us by using the link at the bottom of the page.
The practice tests inexpensive and easy to use. Our tests are in digital download PDF format, and you can buy each test individually. Everyday Business English is for students at intermediate level and can be used for self study or in class. The book develops spoken languag This popular First Certificate course has been updated to prepare students for the new examination syllabus introduced in December Toy story worksheets.
Worksheets and activities for teaching Toy story to English language learners kids, teenagers or adults. Here you can find printable wor
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